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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pannonium</span></h1>
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<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.598820058997em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-20 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.699115044248em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.799410029499em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-10 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.8997050147493em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<p><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
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<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
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<p>Das <b>Pannonium</b> (auch <i>Pannonien</i> oder verkürzt zu <b>Pannon</b>) ist eine regionale <a href="Chronostratigraphie" title="Chronostratigraphie">chronostratigraphische</a> <a href="Stufe_(Geologie)" title="Stufe (Geologie)">Stufe</a> des <a href="Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän">Miozän</a> (<a href="Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a>) im zentralen <a href="Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a>-Bereich. Sie wird heute mit der internationalen chronostratigraphischen Stufe des <a href="Tortonium" title="Tortonium">Tortonium</a> korreliert. Damit ist es in etwa in den Zeitraum von 11,608 (± 0,005) Millionen bis 7,246 (± 0,005) Millionen Jahre zu stellen. In der zentralen Paratethys folgt auf die regionale Stufe des Pannonium die regionale Stufe des <a href="Pontium" title="Pontium">Pontium</a>; sie liegt auf dem <a href="Sarmatium" title="Sarmatium">Sarmatium</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namensgebung_und_Stratotyp">Namensgebung und Stratotyp</h2></div>
<p>Das Pannon wurde nach regionaltypischen <a href="Sedimente_und_Sedimentgesteine" title="Sedimente und Sedimentgesteine">Sediment</a>-<a href="Schichtung" title="Schichtung">Schichten</a> von <a href="Pannonien" title="Pannonien">Pannonien</a> (<a href="Pannonische_Tiefebene" title="Pannonische Tiefebene">Pannonische bzw. Ungarische Tiefebene</a>) benannt. Der Name wurde von Karl Roth von Telegd 1879 in die wissenschaftliche Literatur eingeführt. Der <a href="Stratotyp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratotyp">Stratotyp</a> (= Typprofil) liegt in der Nähe von <a href="V%C3%B6sendorf" title="Vösendorf">Vösendorf</a> (<a href="Nieder%C3%B6sterreich" title="Niederösterreich">Niederösterreich</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Die Ober- und Untergrenzen werden heute mit den Ober- und Untergrenzen der internationalen <a href="Stufe_(Geologie)" title="Stufe (Geologie)">Stufe</a> des <a href="Tortonium" title="Tortonium">Tortonium</a> korreliert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Untergliederung">Untergliederung</h2></div>
<p>Offiziell wird das Pannonium in die Unterstufen
</p>
<ul><li>Serbium (oberes Pannonium) (Stevanovic 1955)</li>
<li>Slavonium (unteres Pannonium) (Andrusov 1923)</li></ul>
<p>unterteilt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tektonische_Situation_zur_Zeit_des_Pannonium"><span id="Pannonischer_See"></span>Tektonische Situation zur Zeit des Pannonium</h2></div>
<p>In dieser Zeit ging die <a href="Alpidische_Gebirgsbildung" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpidische Gebirgsbildung">alpidische Gebirgsbildung</a> langsam zu Ende, in deren Verlauf sich die <a href="Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a> vom <a href="Wiener_Becken" title="Wiener Becken">Wiener Becken</a> über die <a href="Pannonisches_Becken" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonisches Becken">Pannonische Tiefebene</a> bis zum <a href="Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer">Schwarzen Meer</a> hin langsam zurückzog und verlandete. Es herrschte (vor den quartären Eiszeiten) noch ein warmes Klima. Der Rest dieses seit dem Auseinanderbrechen des <a href="Superkontinent" title="Superkontinent">Superkontinents</a> <a href="Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> in der <a href="Kreide_(Geologie)" title="Kreide (Geologie)">Kreidezeit</a> bestehenden Meeresarms in <a href="Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a> als <a href="Brackwasser" title="Brackwasser">Brack-</a> bis <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßwassersee</a> wird auch <b>Pannonischer See</b> oder <i>Lake Pannon</i> genannt (vor rund 10–5 Mio. Jahren, Pannonium/Maeotium bis <a href="Dacium" title="Dacium">Dacium</a>). Im tektonischen <a href="Senkung_(Geologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senkung (Geologie)">Senkungsbereich</a> zwischen Alpen und Karpaten haben sich in ihm bis zu 1500 m mächtige Sedimente (<a href="Wien" title="Wien">Wiener</a> <a href="Tegel_(Gestein)" title="Tegel (Gestein)">Tegel</a>, Sande und <a href="Schotter" title="Schotter">Schotter</a>) abgesetzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</h2></div>
<p>Die Pannon-Sedimente wurden als oberste der bis 8 km mächtigen miozänen Schichten aus restlichen Meeresflächen abgelagert, als Mittel- und Osteuropa nach der Aufschiebung und -faltung von <a href="Alpen" title="Alpen">Alpen</a> und <a href="Karpaten" title="Karpaten">Karpaten</a> endgültig verlandeten. Gleichzeitig sanken weite Gebiete um einige mm/Jahr ab – also um etwa 1000 Meter pro Jahrmillion.
</p><p>Eine markante <a href="Stufe_(Geologie)" title="Stufe (Geologie)">Stufe</a> ist das Pannon deshalb auch in anderen <a href="Terti%C3%A4r_(Geologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiär (Geologie)">tertiären</a> <a href="Sedimentbecken" title="Sedimentbecken">Sedimentbecken</a> (<a href="Wiener_Becken" title="Wiener Becken">Wiener Becken</a>, <a href="Oststeirisches_Riedelland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oststeirisches Riedelland">östliche Steiermark</a>, Molassezone im <a href="N%C3%B6rdliches_Alpenvorland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nördliches Alpenvorland">Alpenvorland</a> bis zum <a href="Schweizer_Mittelland" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizer Mittelland">Schweizer Mittelland</a>). Die <a href="Leitfossil" title="Leitfossil">Leitfossilien</a> im damaligen <a href="Brackwasser" title="Brackwasser">Brackwasser</a> einiger Becken sind <a href="Muscheln" title="Muscheln">Muscheln</a> (<i>Congeria</i> und <i>Limnocardium</i>) und <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßwasser</a><a href="Schnecken" title="Schnecken">schnecken</a>. Sie finden sich in verschiedenen Regionen bis <a href="Nordeuropa" title="Nordeuropa">Nordeuropa</a> und <a href="Nahost" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahost">Nahost</a>; von ihnen treten z. B. die <a href="Melanopsidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanopsidae">Melanopsidae</a> auch <a href="Rezent_(Biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezent (Biologie)">rezent</a> (in der Gegenwart) auf. In Deutschland sind Ablagerungen des Pannon nur in <a href="Bayern" title="Bayern">Bayern</a> (vor allem Niederbayern und am Rand der <a href="Fr%C3%A4nkische_Alb" title="Fränkische Alb">Alb</a>) sowie in der <a href="Niederrheinische_Bucht" title="Niederrheinische Bucht">Niederrheinischen Bucht</a> zu finden.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wirtschaftliche_Bedeutung_der_pannonischen_Ablagerungen">Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der pannonischen Ablagerungen</h2></div>
<p><a href="Wirtschaft" title="Wirtschaft">Wirtschaftlich</a> bedeutend ist das Pannon vor allem durch
</p>
<ul><li>die <a href="Tonmergel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonmergel">Tonmergel</a> des mittleren Pannon als <a href="Rohstoff" title="Rohstoff">Rohstoff</a> für die <a href="Backstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Backstein">Ziegelindustrie</a> (z. B. <a href="Wienerberger" title="Wienerberger">Wienerberger</a>), und</li>
<li><a href="Erd%C3%B6l" title="Erdöl">Erdöl</a> und <a href="Erdgas" title="Erdgas">Erdgas</a>-Vorkommen, die sich allerdings auch in tieferen Schichten des Miozän finden. Für Ungarn und <a href="Nachbar" title="Nachbar">Nachbarregionen</a> sind ferner</li>
<li>harte Gesteine des pannonischen <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a><a href="Vulkanismus" title="Vulkanismus">vulkanismus</a> wichtig.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Adolf_Papp" title="Adolf Papp">Adolf Papp</a>, Á Jámbor und <a href="Fritz_F._Steininger" title="Fritz F. Steininger">Fritz F. Steininger</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen Miozän der zentralen Paratethys. Band VII M<sub>6</sub> Pannonien (Slavonien und Serbien).</i> 636 S., Verlag der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Budapest 1985.</li>
<li>Karl Roth von Telegd: <i>Geologische Skizze des Kroisbach-Ruster Bergzuges und des südlichen Teiles des Leitha-Gebirges.</i> Földt. Közlöni 9, Budapest 1879.</li>
<li>Kommission für die paläontologische und stratigraphische Erforschung Österreichs der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): <i>Die Stratigraphische Tabelle von Österreich (sedimentäre Schichtfolgen).</i> Wien 2004 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geologie-ist-alles.at/PDFs/03_C_Stratigraphische_Tabelle_von_Oesterreich_2004.pdf">pdf</a>, palstrat.uni-graz.at, große Datei!)</li>
<li>Hans Murawski & Wilhelm Meyer: <i>Geologisches Wörterbuch</i>. 10., neu bearb. u. erw. Aufl., Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-432-84100-0.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/miocene.htm">Karte der Erde vor 14 Mio. Jahren</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipp.boku.ac.at/private/wf/Bilder/Melanopsis/Melanopsis%20Liste.html">Fossile und rezente Melanopsidae, mit Bildern.</a></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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